No need to apologize! You’ve actually asked a very excellent set of questions that can be answered in one go.
First, rest assured you’re not the first person who has ever lost a poké ball, nor are you the last. Sending young trainers out into the wilderness means lost poké balls are inevitable, especially when the leagues allow such things as battling over the ocean, in the sky, next to a volcano…
[[If you think Hoenn doesn’t make sense, Bill, just remember your territory has literal maelstroms. In the plural. —LH]]
Anyway, first, yes, poké balls have built-in tracking devices. Normally, this enables the storage system to keep track of your new catches and the leagues to monitor your safety. (Specifically for the latter, if it looks like a team has stopped in a dangerous location for too long, the league will contact authorities to check on their trainer and see if they all need to be rescued.)
For lost balls, though, it is indeed handy for tracking where they went.
From this point onward, you have a few options, most of which require a bit of, shall we say, finagling of storage system settings:
1. Obtain the general location of your lost ball via the PC or your pokédex. If it’s in a spot that’s easy to reach, this is likely your most straightforward option. Just be warned that in some cases, especially indoors and in crowded areas, the GPS may drift or lag, so move quickly and consider using a pokémon with abilities well-suited for finding objects (such as Pickup) to help you.
2. If your rockruff had been in her poké ball at the time, you could trip the transference component to deposit her, thus transferring her to a known location (i.e., the storage system) for retrieval later. Unfortunately, she’s not, but for those curious, this is in fact an option (and a better one for those of you who drop your poké balls into the ocean—literally Lanette why does Hoenn allow that).
[[Plural. Maelstroms. Bill. —LH]]
3. If the first or second options aren’t feasible for you, you can use the release function, even if you haven’t deposited your rockruff and even if she isn’t anywhere near her poké ball. This will unlink her from her assigned ball and allow her to be recaptured. Trainers often use this option as a means of transferring pokémon to a new (often fancier or designer) poké ball, but it’s also handy in an emergency when you literally drop your pokémon’s poké ball into a volcano, hopefully while the pokémon is busy fighting Team Magma. (Honestly, Lanette, it’s no wonder you redesigned the storage system with so many useful features, given where your league lets its trainers go.)
[[At least I don’t sit on the board of the governing body for a league that lets its ten-year-old trainers enter the multiple labyrinthine cave systems inhabited by extremely powerful and dangerous legendary pokémon, some of which are surrounded by the obscenely powerful whirlpools for which they’re named, sir. —LH]]